Vilket land pratar man wolof

Language of Senegal, the Gambia, and Mauritania

Wolof (WOH-lof;^[2]Wolof làkk, وࣷلࣷفْ لࣵکّ) fryst vatten a Niger–Congo language spoken bygd the Wolof people in much of the West African subregion of Senegambia that fryst vatten split between the countries of Senegal, the Gambia and Mauritania.

Like the neighbouring languages Serer and Fula, it belongs to the Senegambian branch of the Niger–Congo language family. Unlike most other languages of its family, Wolof fryst vatten not a tonal language.

Wolof fryst vatten the most widely spoken language in Senegal, spoken natively bygd the Wolof people (40% of the population) but also bygd most other Senegalese as a second language.^[3] Wolof dialects vary geographically and between rural and urban areas.

The principal dialect of Dakar, for instance, fryst vatten an urban mixture of Wolof, French, and Arabic.

Wolof fryst vatten the standard spelling and may also refer to the Wolof ethnicity or culture. Variants include the older French Ouolof, Jollof, or Jolof, which now typically refers either to the Jolof Empire or to jollof rice, a common West African rice dish.

Wolof tillhör den atlantiska grenen av Niger-Kongospråken

Now-archaic forms include Volof and Olof.

English fryst vatten believed to have adopted some Wolof loanwords, such as banana, via Spanish or Portuguese,^[4] and nyam, used also in Spanish: 'ñam' as an onomatopoeia for eating or chewing, in several Caribbean English Creoles meaning "to eat" (compare Seychellois Creolenyanmnyanm, also meaning "to eat").^[5]

Geographical distribution

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Wolof fryst vatten spoken bygd more than 10 million people and about 40 percent (approximately 5 million people) of Senegal's population speak Wolof as their native language.

Increased mobility, and especially the growth of the capital Dakar, created the need for a common language: today, an additional 40 percent of the population speak Wolof as a second or acquired language. In the whole område from Dakar to Saint-Louis, and also west and southwest of Kaolack, Wolof fryst vatten spoken bygd the vast majority of people.

Typically when various ethnic groups in Senegal komma tillsammans in cities and towns, they speak Wolof. It fryst vatten therefore spoken in almost every regional and departmental capital in Senegal. Nevertheless, the tjänsteman language of Senegal fryst vatten French.

In The Gambia, although about 20–25 percent of the population speak Wolof as a first language, it has a disproportionate influence because of its prevalence in Banjul, the Gambian capital, where 75 percent of the population use it as a first language.

Furthermore, in Serekunda, The Gambia's largest town, although only a tiny minority are ethnic Wolofs, approximately 70 percent of the population speaks or understands Wolof.

In Mauritania, about sju percent of the population (approximately 185,000 people) speak Wolof. Most live nära or along the Senegal River that Mauritania shares with Senegal.

Classification

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Wolof fryst vatten one of the Senegambian languages, which are characterized bygd consonant mutation.^[6] It fryst vatten often said to be closely related to the Fula language because of a misreading bygd efternamn (1989) of the information in Sapir (1971) that have long been used to classify the Atlantic languages.

Varieties

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Senegalese/Mauritanian Wolof and Gambian Wolof are distinct national standards: they use different orthographies and use different languages (French vs. English) as their source for technical loanwords. However, both the spoken and written languages are mutually intelligible. Lebu Wolof, on the other grabb, fryst vatten incomprehensible to standard Wolof speakers, a distinction that has been obscured because all Lebu speakers are bilingual in standard Wolof.^[7]

Orthography and pronunciation

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Note: Phonetic transcriptions are printed between square brackets[] following the rules of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).

The Latin orthography of Wolof in Senegal was set bygd government decrees between 1971 and 1985. The language institute "Centre dem linguistique appliquée dem Dakar" (CLAD) fryst vatten widely acknowledged as an authority when it comes to spelling rules for Wolof. The complete alphabet fryst vatten A, À, B, C, D, E, É, Ë, F, G, inom, J, K, L, M, N, Ñ, Ŋ, O, Ó, P, Q, R, S, T, U, W, X, Y.

The letters H, V, and Z are not included in native Wolof words. They are only used in utländsk words.^[8][9][10]

Wolof fryst vatten most often written in this orthography, in which phonemes have a klar one-to-one correspondence to graphemes. Table below fryst vatten the Wolof Latin alphabet and the corresponding phoneme.

Highlighted letters are only used for loanwords and are not included in native Wolof words.

A a

À à

B b

C c

D d

E e

É é

Ë ë

F f

G g

H h

I i

J j

K k

L l

M m

[a]

[aː]

[b]

[c]

[d]

[ɛ]

[e]

[ə]

[f]

[ɡ]

([h])

[i]

[ɟ]

[k]

[l]

[m]

N n

Ñ ñ

Ŋ ŋ

O o

Ó ó

P p

Q q

R r

S s

T t

U u

V v

W w

X x

Y y

Z z

[n]

[ɲ]

[ŋ]

[ɔ]

[o]

[p]

[q]

[r]

[s]

[t]

[u]

([w])

[w]

[x]

[j]

([ɟ])

The Arabic-based script of Wolof, referred to as Wolofal, was set bygd the government as well, between 1985 and 1990, although never adopted bygd a decree, as the effort bygd the Senegalese ministry of education was to be part of a multi-national standardization effort.^[11] This alphabet has been used since pre-colonial times, as the first writing struktur to be adopted for Wolof, and fryst vatten still used bygd many people, mainly Imams and their students in Quranic and Islamic schools.

ا‎ [∅]/[ʔ]	ب‎ [b]	ݒ‎ [p]	ت‎ [t]	ݖ‎ [c]	ث‎ [s]	ج‎ [ɟ]	ح‎ [h]	خ‎ [x]	د‎ [d]	ذ‎ [ɟ]~[z]
ر‎ [r]	ز‎ [ɟ]~[z]	س‎ [s]	ش‎ [s]~[ʃ]	ص‎ [s]	ض‎ [d]	ط‎ [t]	ظ‎ [ɟ]~[z]	ع‎ [ʔ]	غ‎ [ɡ]	ݝ‎ [ŋ]
ف‎ [f]	ق‎ [q]	ک‎ [k]	گ‎ [ɡ]	ل‎ [l]	م‎ [m]	ن‎ [n]	ݧ‎ [ɲ]	ه‎ [h]	و‎ [w]	ي‎ [j]

A À Ë E É I O Ó U Short Vowels اَ‎ اࣵ‎ اࣴ‎ اࣹ‎ اࣺ‎ اِ‎ اࣷ‎ اࣸ‎ اُ‎ Long Vowels Aa Ëe Ee Ée Ii Oo Óo Uu آ‎ اࣴعࣴـ / اࣴعࣴ‎ اࣹيـ / اࣹي‎ اࣺيـ / اࣺي‎ اِيـ / اِي‎ اࣷو‎ اࣸو‎ اُو‎

a à ë e é i o ó u ∅ Short Vowels ◌َ‎ ◌ࣵ‎ ◌ࣴ‎‎ ◌ࣹ‎‎ ◌ࣺ‎‎ ◌ِ‎‎ ◌ࣷ‎‎ ◌ࣸ‎‎ ◌ُ‎‎ ◌ْ‎ Long Vowels aa ëe ee ée ii oo óo uu ◌َا‎‎ ◌ࣴعࣴـ / ◌ࣴعࣴ‎ ◌ࣹيـ / ◌ࣹي‎ ◌ࣺيـ / ◌ࣺي‎ ◌ِيـ / ◌ِي‎ ◌ࣷو‎ ◌ࣸو‎ ◌ُو‎

Additionally, another script exists: Garay, an alphabetic script invented bygd Assane Faye 1961, which has been adopted bygd a small number of Wolof speakers.^[13][14]

The first syllable of words fryst vatten stressed; long vowels are pronounced with more time but are not automatically stressed, as they are in English.

Phonology

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Vowels

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The vowels are as follows:^[15]

There may be an additional low vowel, or this may be confused with orthographic à.^{[citation needed]}

All vowels may be long (written double) or short.^[16]/aː/ fryst vatten written ⟨à⟩ before a long (prenasalized or geminate) consonant (example làmbi "arena").

When é and ó are written double, the accent mark fryst vatten often only on the first letter.

Vowels fall into two harmonizing sets according to ATR: i u é ó ë are +ATR, e o a are the −ATR analogues of é ó ë. For example,^[17]

There are no −ATR analogs of the high vowels i u.

They trigger +ATR harmony in suffixes when they occur in the root, but in a suffix, they may be tydlig to vowel harmony.

The vowels of some suffixes or enclitics do not harmonize with preceding vowels. In most cases following vowels harmonize with them.

Wolof-folket har wolof som modersmål, vilket tillhör den atlantiska grenen av Niger-Kongospråken

That fryst vatten, they reset the harmony, as if they were a separate word. However, when a suffix/clitic contains a high vowel (+ATR) that occurs after a −ATR root, any further suffixes harmonize with the root. That fryst vatten, the +ATR suffix/clitic fryst vatten "transparent" to vowel harmony. An example fryst vatten the negativ -u- in,

where harmony would predict *door-u-më-léén-fë.

That fryst vatten, I or U behave as if they are their own −ATR analogs.

Authors differ in whether they indikera vowel harmony in writing, as well as whether they write clitics as separate words.

Consonants

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Consonants in word-initial position are as follows:^[18]

All simple nasals, oral stops apart from q and glottal, and the sonorants l r y w may be geminated (doubled), though geminate r only occurs in ideophones.^[20][21] (Geminate consonants are written double.) Q fryst vatten inherently geminate and may occur in an första position; otherwise, geminate consonants and consonant clusters, including nt, nc, nk, nq ([ɴq]), are restricted to word-medial and -final position.

In the sista place, geminate consonants may be followed bygd a faint epentheticschwa vowel.

Of the consonants in the chart above, p d c k do not occur in the intermediate or sista position, being replaced bygd f r s and zero, though geminate pp dd cc kk are common. Phonetic p c k do occur finally, but only as allophones of b j g due to sista devoicing.

Minimal pairs:^[22][23]

bët ("eye") - bëtt ("to find")

boy ("to catch fire") - boyy ("to be glimmering")

dag ("a royal servant") - dagg ("to cut")

dëj ("funeral") - dëjj ("cunt")

fen ("to (tell a) lie") - fenn ("somewhere, nowhere")

gal ("white gold") - gall ("to regurgitate")

goŋ ("baboon") - goŋŋ (a kind of bed)

gëm ("to believe") - gëmm ("to close one's eyes")

Jaw (a family name) - jaww ("heaven")

nëb ("rotten") - nëbb ("to hide")

woñ ("thread") - woññ ("to count")

Tones

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Unlike most sub-Saharan African languages, Wolof has no tones.

Other non-tonal languages of sub-Saharan Africa include Amharic, Swahili and Fula.

Grammar

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Notable characteristics

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Pronoun conjugation instead of verbal conjugation

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In Wolof, verbs are unchangeable stems that cannot be conjugated. To något som utförs snabbt exempelvis expressleverans different tenses or aspects of an action, anställda pronouns are conjugated – not the verbs.

Therefore, the begrepp temporal pronoun has become established for this part of speech. It fryst vatten also referred to as a focus form.^[24]

Example: The verb dem means "to go" and cannot be changed; the temporal pronoun maa ngi means "I/me, here and now"; the temporal pronoun dinaa means "I am soon / inom will soon / inom will be soon".

With that, the following sentences can be built now: Maa ngi dem. "I am going (here and now)." – Dinaa dem. "I will go (soon)."

Conjugation with respect to aspect instead of tense

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In Wolof, tenses like present tense, past tense, and future tense are just of secondary importance and play almost no role. Of crucial importance fryst vatten the aspect of action from the speaker's point of view.

The most grundläggande distinction fryst vatten whether an action fryst vatten perfective (finished) or imperfective (still going on from the speaker's point of view), regardless of whether the action itself takes place in the past, present, or future. Other aspects indikera whether an action takes place regularly, whether an action will surely take place and whether an actor wants to emphasize the role of the subject, predicate, or object.^{[clarification needed]} As a result, conjugation fryst vatten done bygd not tense but aspect.

Nevertheless, the begrepp temporal pronoun fryst vatten usual for such conjugated pronouns although aspect pronoun might be a better begrepp.

For example, the verb dem means "to go"; the temporal pronoun naa means "I already/definitely", the temporal pronoun dinaa means "I am soon / inom will soon / inom will be soon"; the temporal pronoun damay means "I (am) regularly/usually".

The following sentences can be constructed: Dem naa. "I go already / inom have already gone." – Dinaa dem. "I will go soon / inom am just going to go." – Damay dem. "I usually/regularly/normally/am about to go."

A speaker may något som utförs snabbt exempelvis expressleverans that an action absolutely took place in the past bygd adding the suffix -(w)oon to the verb (in a sentence, the temporal pronoun fryst vatten still used in a conjugated struktur along with the past marker):

Demoon naa Ndakaaru. "I already went to Dakar."

Action verbs versus static verbs and adjectives

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Wolof has two main verb classes: dynamic and stative.

Verbs are not inflected; instead pronouns are used to mark individ, aspect, tense, and focus.^[25]: 779

Consonant harmony

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This section fryst vatten empty. You can help bygd adding to it. (February 2011)

Gender

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Wolof does not mark natural gender as grammatical gender: there fryst vatten one pronoun encompassing the English 'he', 'she', and 'it'. The descriptors bu góor (male / masculine) or bu jigéen (female / feminine) are often added to words like xarit, 'friend', and rakk, 'younger sibling' to indikera the person's sex.

Markers of noun definiteness (usually called "definite articles") agree with the noun they modify. There are at least ten articles in Wolof, some of them indicating a enskild noun, others a plural noun. In Urban Wolof, spoken in large cities like Dakar, the article -bi fryst vatten often used as a generic article when the actual article fryst vatten not known.

Any loan noun from French or English uses -bi: butik-bi, xarit-bi "the boutique, the friend."

Most Arabic or religious terms use -Ji: Jumma-Ji, jigéen-ji, "the mosque, the girl."

Four nouns referring to persons use -ki/-ñi:'nit-ki, nit-ñi, 'the individ, the people"

Plural nouns use -yi: jigéen-yi, butik-yi, "the girls, the boutiques"

Miscellaneous articles: "si, gi, wi, mi, li."

Numerals

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Cardinal numbers

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The Wolof numeral struktur fryst vatten based on the numbers 5 (quinary) and 10 (decimal).

Wolof (/ ˈ w oʊ l ɒ f / WOH-lof; [2] Wolof làkk, وࣷلࣷفْ لࣵکّ) is a Niger–Congo language spoken by the Wolof people in much of the West African subregion of Senegambia that is split between the countries of Senegal, the Gambia and Mauritania

It fryst vatten extremely regular in formation, comparable to kinesisk. Example: benn "one", juróom "five", juróom-benn "six" (literally, "five-one"), fukk "ten", fukk ak juróom benn "sixteen" (literally, "ten and fem one"), ñent-fukk "forty" (literally, "four-ten").

Alternatively, "thirty" fryst vatten fanweer, which fryst vatten roughly the number of days in a lunar month (literally "fan" fryst vatten day and "weer" fryst vatten moon.)

0	tus / neen / zéro [French] / sero / dara ["nothing"]
1	benn
2	ñaar / yaar
3	ñett / ñatt / yett / yatt
4	ñeent / ñenent
5	juróom
6	juróom-benn
7	juróom-ñaar
8	juróom-ñett
9	juróom-ñeent
10	fukk
11	fukk ak benn
12	fukk ak ñaar
13	fukk ak ñett
14	fukk ak ñeent
15	fukk ak juróom
16	fukk ak juróom-benn
17	fukk ak juróom-ñaar
18	fukk ak juróom-ñett
19	fukk ak juróom-ñeent
20	ñaar-fukk
26	ñaar-fukk ak juróom-benn
30	ñett-fukk / fanweer
40	ñeent-fukk
50	juróom-fukk
60	juróom-benn-fukk
66	juróom-benn-fukk ak juróom-benn
70	juróom-ñaar-fukk
80	juróom-ñett-fukk
90	juróom-ñeent-fukk
100	téeméer
101	téeméer ak benn
106	téeméer ak juróom-benn
110	téeméer ak fukk
200	ñaari téeméer
300	ñetti téeméer
400	ñeenti téeméer
500	juróomi téeméer
600	juróom-benni téeméer
700	juróom-ñaari téeméer
800	juróom-ñetti téeméer
900	juróom-ñeenti téeméer
1000	junni / junne
1100	junni ak téeméer
1600	junni ak juróom-benni téeméer
1945	junni ak juróom-ñeenti téeméer ak ñeent-fukk ak juróom
1969	junni ak juróom-ñeenti téeméer ak juróom-benn-fukk ak juróom-ñeent
2000	ñaari junni
3000	ñetti junni
4000	ñeenti junni
5000	juróomi junni
6000	juróom-benni junni
7000	juróom-ñaari junni
8000	juróom-ñetti junni
9000	juróom-ñeenti junni
10000	fukki junni
100000	téeméeri junni
1000000	tamndareet / million

Ordinal numbers

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Ordinal numbers (first, second, third, etc.) are formed bygd adding the ending –éél (pronounced ayl) to the huvudregel number.

For example, two fryst vatten ñaar and second fryst vatten ñaaréél

The one undantag to this struktur fryst vatten "first", which fryst vatten bu njëk (or the adapted French word premier: përëmye)

1st	bu njëk
2nd	ñaaréél
3rd	ñettéél
4th	ñeentéél
5th	juróoméél
6th	juróom-bennéél
7th	juróom-ñaaréél
8th	juróom-ñettéél
9th	juróom-ñeentéél
10th	fukkéél

Personal pronouns

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subject		object
singular	plural	singular	plural
1st individ	man	nun	ma	nu
2nd individ	yow	yeen	la	leen
3rd individ	moom	ñoom	ko	leen

Temporal pronouns

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Conjugation of the temporal pronouns

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1st individ		2nd individ		3rd individ
singular	plural	singular	plural	singular	plural
"I"	"we"	"you"	"you all"	"he/she/it"	"they"
Situative (Presentative)	Perfect	maa ngi	nu ngi	yaa ngi	yéena ngi	mu ngi	ñu ngi
	Imperfect	maa ngiy	nu ngiy	yaa ngiy	yéena ngiy	mu ngiy	ñu ngiy
Terminative	Perfect	naa	nanu	nga	ngeen	na	nañu
	Future	dinaa	dinanu	dinga	dingeen	dina	dinañu
Objective	Perfect	laa	lanu	nga	ngeen	la	lañu
	Imperfect	laay	lanuy	ngay	ngeen di	lay	lañuy
Processive (Explicative and/or Descriptive)	Perfect	dama	danu	danga	dangeen	dafa	dañu
	Imperfect	damay	danuy	dangay	dangeen di	dafay	dañuy
Subjective	Perfect	maa	noo	yaa	yéena	moo	ñoo
	Imperfect	maay	nooy	yaay	yéenay	mooy	ñooy
Neutral	Perfect	ma	nu	nga	ngeen	mu	ñu
	Imperfect	may	nuy	ngay	ngeen di	muy	ñuy

In urban Wolof, it fryst vatten common to use the forms of the 3rd individ plural also for the 1st individ plural.

It fryst vatten also important to note that the verb follows specific temporal pronouns and precedes others.

Examples

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Sample phrases^[26]

[edit]

English	Wolof
Hello.	Nuyu naala.
Yes.	Waaw.
Yes please.	Waaw jërëjëf.
No.	Déet.
No thanks.	Baax na, jërëjëf.
Please.	Ma ngi lay ñaan.
Thank you.	Jërëjëf.
Thank you very much.	Maangilay sant bu baax.
You're welcome.	Ñoo nötboskap bokk.
I'd like a kaffe (engelska) please.	Kafe laa bëgg, nga baalma.
Excuse me.	Nga baalma.
What time fryst vatten it?	Ban waxtu moo jot?
Can you repeat that please? Wolof-folket eller Oulof är en muslimsk folkgrupp i Senegal, Gambia och Mauretanien	Baamtuwaat nötboskap, nga baalma?
Please speak more slowly.	Waxal ndank.
I don't understand.	Xawma li nga bëgg wax.
Sorry.	Baal ma.
Where are the toilets?	Ani wanag yi?
How much does this cost?	Bii ñaata lay jar?
Welcome! Samtidigt fanns cirka 300 000 i Gambia och 200 000 i Mauretanien	Dalal-jàmm!
Good morning.	Suba ak jàmm.
Good afternoon.	Ngoonu jàmm.
Good evening.	Guddig jàmm.
Good night.	Ñu fanaan ci jàmm.
Goodbye.	Ba beneen yóon.

Literature

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The New Testament was translated into Wolof and published in 1987, second edition 2004, and in 2008 with some minor typographical corrections.^[27]

Boubacar Boris Diop published his novel Doomi Golo in Wolof in 2002.^[28]

The 1994 song "7 Seconds" bygd Youssou N'Dour and Neneh Cherry fryst vatten partially sung in Wolof.

Oral literature

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In his 1865 collection of West African proverbs, Wit and Wisdom from West Africa,^[29]Richard Francis Burton included a urval of over 200 Wolof proverbs in both Wolof and English translation^[30] drawn from jean Dard's Grammaire Wolofe of 1826.^[31] Here are some of those proverbs:

• "Jalele sainou ane na ainou guissetil dara, tey mague dieki thy soufe guissa yope." "The child looks everywhere and often sees nought, but the old man, sitting on the ground, sees everything." (#2)
• "Poudhie ou naigue dem na jaija ah taw, tey sailo yagoul." "The roof fights with the rain, but he who fryst vatten sheltered ignores it." (#8)
• "Sopa bour ayoul, wandy bour bou la städa a nötboskap guenne." "To love the king fryst vatten not bad, but a king who loves you fryst vatten better." (#16)
• "Lou mpithie nana, nanetil nane ou gneye." "The bird can drink much, but the elephant drinks more." (#68)

In the appendix to his Folktales from the Gambia, Emil Magel, a professor of African literature and of Swahili,^[32] included the Wolof ord of the story of "The Donkeys of Jolof," "Fari Mbam Ci Rew inom Jolof"^[33] accompanied bygd an English translation.^[34]

In his Grammaire dem la Langue Woloffe published in 1858, David Boilat, a Senegalese writer and missionary,^[35] included a urval of Wolof proverbs, riddles and folktales accompanied bygd French translations.^[36]

Du Tieddo au Talibé bygd Lilyan Kesteloot and Bassirou Dieng, published in 1989,^[37] fryst vatten a collection of traditional tales in Wolof with French translations.

The stories komma from the Wolof monarchies that ruled Senegal from the 13th to the beginning of the 20th century.

Sample text

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Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Translation	Latin Script	Wolofal (Arabic) Script
All human beings are born free and lika in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.	Doomi aadama yépp danuy juddu, yam ci tawfeex ci sag ak sañ-sañ. Nekk na it ku xam dëgg bladte ànd na ak xelam, örtinfusion war naa jëflante ak nawleen, örtinfusion teg nötboskap ci wàllu mbokk.	دࣷومِ آدَمَ يࣺݒّ دَنُيْ جُدُّ، يَمْ ݖِ تَوفࣹيخْ ݖِ سَگْ اَکْ سَݧْ-سَݧْ. نࣹکّ نَ اِتْ کُ خَمْ دࣴگّ تࣹ اࣵ‎ندْ نَ خࣹلَمْ، تࣹ وَرْ نَا جࣴفْلَنْتࣹ اَکْ نَوْلࣹينْ، تࣹ تࣹگْ کࣷ ݖِ وࣵلُّ مبࣷکّ.

See also

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References

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Bibliography

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